Ma`aref-e Manteqi

The Elements of Philosophical Logic is the only book written so far on the subject of philosophical logic by a Persian author. In this useful work, Dr. Lotfollah Nabavi has filled the existing void in the Persian for the learners of logic and has covered most of the important philosophical logics: 1. Tense logic; 2. Epistemic logic; 3. Deontic logic; 4. Free logic; 5. Relevant logic; 6. Fuzzy logic. After introducing each of the book chapters briefly, we will evaluate most of them: (A) There are more than two important philosophical views about time, and each has different consequences in Tense logic as well. Here the author has especially ignored the great influence of static absolute time and static relative time in the philosophical debates of this logic, such as the problem of future contingent. (B) He incorrectly considers the Platonic definition of knowledge (justified true belief) as a widely accepted view throughout history. (C) Ignoring the differences between the object interpreted in a sense broader than the mind and the external world with the actual external existence, he incorrectly considers Aristotelian logic to be committed to the actual external existence in proper and general names. (D) Contrary to the author's assertion, some logicians have found Fuzzy logic unable to solve the sorites paradoxes, and sometimes have raised higher order vagueness in affirming the very inability.