Ma`aref-e Manteqi

This paper reconsiders certain propositions (yaqīniyyāt), primary propositions (awwaliyyāt), and intuitive conscience propositions (wijdāniyyāt) in Aristotelian and Islamic logic, and by identifying the shortcomings of the traditional definitions, offers novel explications. Emphasizing the primary sense of “matter” as the content of propositions in syllogisms, the present study examines challenges such as the inability to analyze non-deductive arguments, complex propositions in computer science, and the influence of linguistic and cultural contexts. The paper's key innovations are the proposal of a new meaning for primaries (awwaliyyāt), termed “gradual evolutionary primaries” (awwaliyyāt mutadarrij takāmulī), and a new meaning for (certainties) yaqīniyyāt, termed “revealed certainties” (yaqīniyyāt waḥyānī) or Intuitive Conscience Propositions (wājidāt). By integrating Islamic logic with the cognitive sciences (disciplines that study mental processes such as perception, memory, thinking, reasoning, learning, and decision-making), these new concepts are redefined as cognitive structures and practical analytical tools. The application of wijdāniyyāt—as the soul's presential perception—is also examined in the contexts of digital ethics and the protection of users' inner privacy. By presenting spectrum-cognitive models and dynamic syllogisms, this research aligns certain types of syllogistic matter with modern epistemic needs, from artificial intelligence to the philosophy of science, and opens new horizons for logical inquiry.